The use of graphic organizers in teaching history to grade seven students in Bhutan
Keywords:
graphic organizers, History, learning achievements, grade seven studentsAbstract
This mixed methods study was conducted to explore the use of graphic organizers in teaching History to grade seven students in Bhutan. The two main purpose of the study were to compare the learning achievements and to investigate students’ opinion towards using graphic organizers in learning History. The research was conducted in one of the schools in Bhutan with 18 grade seven students over the period of four weeks. The quantitative data was collected through learning achievement tests (pretest and posttest) and survey questionnaires. The qualitative data was collected from semi-structured interview. The analysis of the pretest and posttest scores through Wilcoxon signed rank test revealed 100% positive rank with mean rank of 9.50 and sig. value of 0.01. The mean (x̅) score of posttest was 14.64, and pretest mean (x̅) score was 7.83, showing mean (x̅) difference of 6.81. This indicated that the use of graphic organizers improved the learning achievement of the students. Likewise, the data collected from survey questionnaire and interview showed that the students had positive opinions in using graphic organizers to learn History. Therefore, this study highly recommends using graphic organizers as one of the learning pedagogy to improve the academic performance of the students in History.
References
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Davoudi, M., & Yousefi, D. (2016). The Effect of Graphic Organizer Instruction on Reading Comprehension Improvement of EFL Learners in Iran. International Conference on Literature and Linguistics. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/28547607/The_Effect_of_Graphic_Organizer_Instruction_on_Reading_Comprehension_Improvement_of_EFL_Learners_in_Iran
Dye, G. A. (2000). Graphic Organizers to the Rescue-Helping students link-and remember –information. Teaching Exceptional Children, 32(3), 72-76. doi:10.1177/004005990003200311
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Fisher, D., & Frey, N. (2018). The uses and misuses of graphic organizers in content area learning. The Reading Teacher, 71(6), 763-766. doi:10.1002/trtr.1693
Gallavan, N. P., & Kottler, E. (2007). Eight types of Graphic Organizer for empowering social studies students and teachers. The Social Studies, 98 (3), 117-123. doi:10.3200/tsss.98.3.117-128
Gallavan, N. P., & Kottler, E. (2010). Visualizing the life and legacy of Henry VIII: Guiding students with eight types of graphic Organizers. The Social Studies, 101, 93-102.
Gatt, S., & Vella, Y. (eds.) (2003). Constructivist Teaching in Primary School, Examples n Social Studies, Science, Mathematics, Design and Technology and ICT. Malta: Agenda Publisher.
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Graphic Organizer for Reading Comprehension, Grade 3-8. (2015). CA: Classroom Complete Press.
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Lhatu. (2017). The effects of using simulated role play in teaching History to secondary students in Bhutan (Master’s thesis). Thailand: Rangsit University.
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Osborne, M. B. (2016). The effect of Graphic Organizer as an organizational strategy to improve learning outcomes of student with learning disabilities in a Middle School Social studies classroom (Master’s thesis, Caldwell University). Ann Arbor: Proquest LLC.
Owolabi, J., & Adaramati, T. F. (2015). Effects of Graphic Organizer on Students’ Achievement in Algebraic Word Problems. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(5), 39-44.
Peldon, D. (2018). The effects of cooperative learning strategy on sixth grade Bhutanese students learning satisfaction in social studies class (Master’s thesis, Rangsit University). Thailand: Rangsit University.
Quanchi, M. & So’o, A. (2003). Teaching History- A Guide for Teachers Teaching History for the First Time. History COPS. Australia: The Council of Presidents of Pacific Island History Associations (HistoryCOPs). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27463241_Teaching_History_A_Guide_for_Teachers_Teaching_History_for_the_First_Time
Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media (n.d.). Scaffolding with graphic organizers. Retrieved from https://teachinghistory.org/teaching-materials/english-language-learners/24130
Royal Education Council (2018). Syllabus for Classes 9 & 10, BCSE. Paro, Bhutan: Author
Santiagos, F. D., & Solis, S. L. (2016). Damers's awareness of graphic organization and their use of them. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/27211220/DAMERS_AWARENESS_OF_GRAPHIC_ORGANIZERS.
Saynay, S. (2014). The role of graphics in informational texts and their impact on second graders' comprehension (Master’s thesis). Ann Bor: ProQuest LLC.
Talekau, Nayak & Harichand (n.d.). Syllabus of History. Retrieved from http://ddceutkal.ac.in/Syllabus/MA_Education/Education_Paper_5_History.pdf
Tayib, A.-M. (2016). The effect of using Graphic Organizers on writing: A case study of preparatory college students at Umm-Al-Qura University. International Journal of English Language Teaching, 4(5), 31-53.
Torres, M. O., España, R. C., & Orleans, A. V. (2014). Integrating graphic organizers in facilitating learning chemistry. International Journal of Education Studies, 1(1), 1-8.
Traino, C. (2019). Teachers’ Reported Use of and Perceptions about Graphic Organizers in High School Content Area Classrooms (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nevada, Reno). Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3bb6/1a7aa2168310010590ca62a0ca3f1acec5ce.pdf
Uba, E., Oteikwu, E. A., Onwuka, E., & Abiodun-Eniayekan, E. (2017). A Research-Based Evidence of the Effect of Graphic Organizers on the Understanding of Prose Fiction in ESL Classroom. SAGE Open, 1-9.
Wiersma, A. (2008). A study of the teaching methods of high school History teachers. The Social Studies, 99(3), 111-116.
Yangdon, S. (2015). Developing effective learning achievement of grade 7 Bhutanese geography students on global issues by using concept mapping strategy (Masters’ thesis, Rangsit University). Thailand: Rangsit University.
Youman, M. (n.d.). Improving reading comprehension by using graphic organizer. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/16089727/Improving_Reading_Comprehension_Using_Graphic_Organizers_A_Qualitative_Study
Yunianti, D. (2014). Improving Grade Ten students' Reading Comprehension through English Graphic Organizers at SMA 11 Yogyakarta in the academic year 2013/2014 (Thesis, Yogyakarta State University). Retrieved from
https://eprints.uny.ac.id/19840/1/Dewi%20Yunianti%2009202244040.pdf
Zaini, S., Mokhtar, S., & Nawawi, M. (2010). The effect of graphic organizers on student's learning in School. Malaysian Journal of Education Technology, 10(1), 17-23.
Bromley, K. (2008). From drawing to digital creations: graphic organizer in the classroom. In Research on teaching literacy through the communicative and visual Art, 3, 423-428. New York: Routledge.
Bunda, W. (2017). Strategies in Teaching Students and Teachers of CAA National High School-Annex SY; 2016-2017: An evaluation. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/33299829/Strategies_in_teaching_History_as_perceived_by_selected_students_and_teachers_of_CAA_NAtional_High_School_-_Annex_SY_2016-2017_An_Evaluation
Chabari, K. K. (2018). Effects of Graphic Organizers Experiential Teaching Approach on Secondary School Students’ Achievement and self-concept In Chemistry in Nakuru North Sub-Country, Kenya (Master’s thesis, Edgerton University). Retrieved from http://41.89.96.81:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1738
Cummins, C., Manning, E., & Kimbell-Lopez, K. (2015). Graphic Organizers: Understanding the basics. The California Readers, 49 (1), 14-22.
Davoudi, M., & Yousefi, D. (2016). The Effect of Graphic Organizer Instruction on Reading Comprehension Improvement of EFL Learners in Iran. International Conference on Literature and Linguistics. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/28547607/The_Effect_of_Graphic_Organizer_Instruction_on_Reading_Comprehension_Improvement_of_EFL_Learners_in_Iran
Dye, G. A. (2000). Graphic Organizers to the Rescue-Helping students link-and remember –information. Teaching Exceptional Children, 32(3), 72-76. doi:10.1177/004005990003200311
Elwood, D. (2018). Using graphic organizers to improve science outcome (Master’s Thesis, Rowan University). Retrieved from https://rdw.rowan.edu/etd/2606/
Fisher, D., & Frey, N. (2018). The uses and misuses of graphic organizers in content area learning. The Reading Teacher, 71(6), 763-766. doi:10.1002/trtr.1693
Gallavan, N. P., & Kottler, E. (2007). Eight types of Graphic Organizer for empowering social studies students and teachers. The Social Studies, 98 (3), 117-123. doi:10.3200/tsss.98.3.117-128
Gallavan, N. P., & Kottler, E. (2010). Visualizing the life and legacy of Henry VIII: Guiding students with eight types of graphic Organizers. The Social Studies, 101, 93-102.
Gatt, S., & Vella, Y. (eds.) (2003). Constructivist Teaching in Primary School, Examples n Social Studies, Science, Mathematics, Design and Technology and ICT. Malta: Agenda Publisher.
Gould, J. (2012). Learning Theory and Classroom Practice in the lifelong learning sector. London:Sage.
Graphic Organizer for Reading Comprehension, Grade 3-8. (2015). CA: Classroom Complete Press.
Gyeltshen, S. (2018). Secondary school students' reading comprehension in Bhutanese history through the use of K.W.L. model (Master’s Thesis, Rangsit University). Thailand: Rangsit University.
Hanley, S. (2018). Promoting visible learning through using graphic organizers. Teach Journal of Christian Education, Article 5, 12 (1), 21-24.
Husbands, C., Kitson, A. & Pendry, A. (2004). Understanding History Teaching. England: Open University Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203340929
İlter, İ. (2016). The Power of Graphic Organizers: Effects on Students’ Word-Learning and Achievement Emotions in Social Studies. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 41(1). Retrieved from http://ro.ecu.edu.au/ajte/vol41/iss1/3
Kirschbaum (2004). The effect of graphic organizers on the academic achievement of fourth grade students (Masters’ Thesis, Rowan University). Retrieved from https://rdw.rowan.edu/etd/1177
Lhatu. (2017). The effects of using simulated role play in teaching History to secondary students in Bhutan (Master’s thesis). Thailand: Rangsit University.
Mann, M.L. (2014). The effectiveness of graphic organizers on the comprehension of social studies content by students with disabilities (Master’s thesis, Marshall University). Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/074a/6644470393fadba7ae8ee21b8885b18b719e.pdf
McKnight, K. S. (2010). Teachers' big book of Graphic Organizers. USA: Jossey-Bass.
Momigliano, A. (1983). The introduction of the teaching of History as an academic subject and its implications. Minerva, 21(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01099501
Nair, S. M., & Narayanasamy, M. (2017). The effect of utilizing the concept maps in teaching History. International Journal of Instruction,10(3), 109-126. doi:10.12973/iji.2017.1038a
Oliveira, L. C. (n.d.). Examining Cause and Effect in Historical Texts: An Integration of Language and Content, 7-17. Retrieved from https://www.tesol.org/docs/default-source/books/14071_sam.pdf?sfvrsn=2&sfvrsn=2
Osborne, M. B. (2016). The effect of Graphic Organizer as an organizational strategy to improve learning outcomes of student with learning disabilities in a Middle School Social studies classroom (Master’s thesis, Caldwell University). Ann Arbor: Proquest LLC.
Owolabi, J., & Adaramati, T. F. (2015). Effects of Graphic Organizer on Students’ Achievement in Algebraic Word Problems. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(5), 39-44.
Peldon, D. (2018). The effects of cooperative learning strategy on sixth grade Bhutanese students learning satisfaction in social studies class (Master’s thesis, Rangsit University). Thailand: Rangsit University.
Quanchi, M. & So’o, A. (2003). Teaching History- A Guide for Teachers Teaching History for the First Time. History COPS. Australia: The Council of Presidents of Pacific Island History Associations (HistoryCOPs). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27463241_Teaching_History_A_Guide_for_Teachers_Teaching_History_for_the_First_Time
Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media (n.d.). Scaffolding with graphic organizers. Retrieved from https://teachinghistory.org/teaching-materials/english-language-learners/24130
Royal Education Council (2018). Syllabus for Classes 9 & 10, BCSE. Paro, Bhutan: Author
Santiagos, F. D., & Solis, S. L. (2016). Damers's awareness of graphic organization and their use of them. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/27211220/DAMERS_AWARENESS_OF_GRAPHIC_ORGANIZERS.
Saynay, S. (2014). The role of graphics in informational texts and their impact on second graders' comprehension (Master’s thesis). Ann Bor: ProQuest LLC.
Talekau, Nayak & Harichand (n.d.). Syllabus of History. Retrieved from http://ddceutkal.ac.in/Syllabus/MA_Education/Education_Paper_5_History.pdf
Tayib, A.-M. (2016). The effect of using Graphic Organizers on writing: A case study of preparatory college students at Umm-Al-Qura University. International Journal of English Language Teaching, 4(5), 31-53.
Torres, M. O., España, R. C., & Orleans, A. V. (2014). Integrating graphic organizers in facilitating learning chemistry. International Journal of Education Studies, 1(1), 1-8.
Traino, C. (2019). Teachers’ Reported Use of and Perceptions about Graphic Organizers in High School Content Area Classrooms (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nevada, Reno). Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3bb6/1a7aa2168310010590ca62a0ca3f1acec5ce.pdf
Uba, E., Oteikwu, E. A., Onwuka, E., & Abiodun-Eniayekan, E. (2017). A Research-Based Evidence of the Effect of Graphic Organizers on the Understanding of Prose Fiction in ESL Classroom. SAGE Open, 1-9.
Wiersma, A. (2008). A study of the teaching methods of high school History teachers. The Social Studies, 99(3), 111-116.
Yangdon, S. (2015). Developing effective learning achievement of grade 7 Bhutanese geography students on global issues by using concept mapping strategy (Masters’ thesis, Rangsit University). Thailand: Rangsit University.
Youman, M. (n.d.). Improving reading comprehension by using graphic organizer. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/16089727/Improving_Reading_Comprehension_Using_Graphic_Organizers_A_Qualitative_Study
Yunianti, D. (2014). Improving Grade Ten students' Reading Comprehension through English Graphic Organizers at SMA 11 Yogyakarta in the academic year 2013/2014 (Thesis, Yogyakarta State University). Retrieved from
https://eprints.uny.ac.id/19840/1/Dewi%20Yunianti%2009202244040.pdf
Zaini, S., Mokhtar, S., & Nawawi, M. (2010). The effect of graphic organizers on student's learning in School. Malaysian Journal of Education Technology, 10(1), 17-23.
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2019-12-27
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